diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/ActiveFuelDamageModel.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/ActiveFuelDamageModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..195437f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/ActiveFuelDamageModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using System;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    /// <summary>吸入式爆炸 — 指数累积型：暴露时间越长伤害越高</summary>
+    public class ActiveFuelDamageModel : IDamageModel
+    {
+        private const float EffectiveThreshold = 0.03f;   // 有效浓度阈值
+        private const float BaseRate = 0.02f;             // 基础速率
+        private const float ExpFactor = 0.3f;             // 指数增长因子
+
+        public float CalculateDamage(TargetType droneType, PowerType powerType,
+            AerosolType aerosolType, float cloudDensity, float exposureTime, float deltaTime)
+        {
+            if (aerosolType != AerosolType.ActiveFuel) return 0f;
+            if (cloudDensity < EffectiveThreshold) return 0f;
+
+            // 伤害 = 基础速率 × e^(暴露时间 × 因子) × deltaTime
+            // 在云团中待得越久伤害指数增长
+            var exponential = (float)System.Math.Exp(exposureTime * ExpFactor);
+            var damage = BaseRate * exponential * deltaTime;
+
+            // 高速目标更脆弱
+            var sensitivity = droneType == TargetType.HighSpeed ? 1.5f : 1.0f;
+            return damage * sensitivity;
+        }
+
+        public DamageStage GetDamageStage(float accumulatedDamage)
+        {
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 1.0f) return DamageStage.Destroyed;
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 0.6f) return DamageStage.AttitudeLoss;
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 0.3f) return DamageStage.EngineAnomaly;
+            return DamageStage.Normal;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/ActiveMaterialDamageModel.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/ActiveMaterialDamageModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b462773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/ActiveMaterialDamageModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+using System;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    /// <summary>爆燃式 — 触发型：双条件满足后瞬间高伤害</summary>
+    public class ActiveMaterialDamageModel : IDamageModel
+    {
+        private const float TriggerThreshold = 0.1f;      // 触发浓度阈值
+        private const float BurstDamage = 0.6f;           // 一次爆发伤害
+        private const float ResidualRate = 0.02f;         // 后续余伤速率
+        private bool _triggered;
+
+        public float CalculateDamage(TargetType droneType, PowerType powerType,
+            AerosolType aerosolType, float cloudDensity, float exposureTime, float deltaTime)
+        {
+            if (aerosolType != AerosolType.ActiveMaterial) return 0f;
+            if (cloudDensity < TriggerThreshold) return 0f;
+
+            // 喷气发动机高温触发爆燃，更敏感
+            if (!_triggered)
+            {
+                _triggered = true;
+                var sensitivity = powerType == PowerType.Jet ? 1.3f : 1.0f;
+                return BurstDamage * sensitivity;
+            }
+
+            return ResidualRate * deltaTime;
+        }
+
+        public DamageStage GetDamageStage(float accumulatedDamage)
+        {
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 1.0f) return DamageStage.Destroyed;
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 0.5f) return DamageStage.AttitudeLoss;  // 爆燃后更快进入失控
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 0.2f) return DamageStage.EngineAnomaly;
+            return DamageStage.Normal;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/AlgorithmFactory.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/AlgorithmFactory.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03e7a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/AlgorithmFactory.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    /// <summary>算法工厂 — 统一管理算法组件的创建与替换</summary>
+    public static class AlgorithmFactory
+    {
+        private static readonly Dictionary<Type, Type> _registry = new()
+        {
+            { typeof(ICloudDispersionModel), typeof(GaussianPuffDispersion) },
+            { typeof(IDamageModel),          typeof(DamageModelRouter) },
+            { typeof(IDefenseAdvisor),       typeof(DefaultDefenseAdvisor) },
+        };
+
+        /// <summary>替换某个算法实现（第三方接入点）</summary>
+        public static void Register<TInterface, TImpl>() where TImpl : TInterface, new()
+        {
+            _registry[typeof(TInterface)] = typeof(TImpl);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>创建算法实例</summary>
+        public static T Create<T>() where T : class
+        {
+            if (_registry.TryGetValue(typeof(T), out var implType))
+                return (T)Activator.CreateInstance(implType)!;
+
+            throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                $"No implementation registered for {typeof(T).Name}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/AlgorithmTypes.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/AlgorithmTypes.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77aec26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/AlgorithmTypes.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    /// <summary>威胁画像 — 防御推荐算法的输入</summary>
+    public class ThreatProfile
+    {
+        public CombatScene Environment { get; set; } = new();
+        public List<TargetConfig> Targets { get; set; } = new();
+        public RoutePlan Route { get; set; } = new();
+        public List<Waypoint> Waypoints { get; set; } = new();
+        public List<ControlZone> ControlZones { get; set; } = new();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>防御推荐方案</summary>
+    public class DefenseRecommendation
+    {
+        public DefenseSolution Best { get; set; } = new();
+        public DefenseSolution Critical { get; set; } = new();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>单套防御方案</summary>
+    public class DefenseSolution
+    {
+        public AerosolType RecommendedAerosolType { get; set; }
+        public string AerosolRationale { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+        public CloudDispersal RecommendedCloud { get; set; } = new();
+
+        public List<RecommendedPlatform> Platforms { get; set; } = new();
+        public List<RecommendedDetection> Detections { get; set; } = new();
+
+        public float InterceptProbability { get; set; }
+        public string SummaryRationale { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+    }
+
+    public class RecommendedPlatform
+    {
+        public PlatformType Type { get; set; }
+        public Vector3 Position { get; set; }
+        public int Quantity { get; set; }
+        public int MunitionCount { get; set; }
+        public float CoverageVolume { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class RecommendedDetection
+    {
+        public Vector3 Position { get; set; }
+        public float DetectionRadius { get; set; }
+        public int Quantity { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>三维向量（纯 C#，不依赖 UnityEngine）</summary>
+    public struct Vector3
+    {
+        public float X, Y, Z;
+        public Vector3(float x, float y, float z) { X = x; Y = y; Z = z; }
+
+        public static Vector3 operator +(Vector3 a, Vector3 b) => new(a.X + b.X, a.Y + b.Y, a.Z + b.Z);
+        public static Vector3 operator -(Vector3 a, Vector3 b) => new(a.X - b.X, a.Y - b.Y, a.Z - b.Z);
+        public static Vector3 operator *(Vector3 a, float s) => new(a.X * s, a.Y * s, a.Z * s);
+        public float Length => (float)System.Math.Sqrt(X * X + Y * Y + Z * Z);
+        public float DistanceTo(Vector3 other) => (this - other).Length;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>粒子渲染参数</summary>
+    public class ParticleParams
+    {
+        public float EmitRate { get; set; } = 100;
+        public float Opacity { get; set; } = 1.0f;
+        public string ColorHex { get; set; } = "#FFFFFF";
+        public float SizeMultiplier { get; set; } = 1.0f;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/DamageModelRouter.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/DamageModelRouter.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d68f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/DamageModelRouter.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    /// <summary>毁伤模型路由器 — 根据气溶胶类型分派</summary>
+    public class DamageModelRouter : IDamageModel
+    {
+        private readonly InertGasDamageModel _inertGas = new();
+        private readonly ActiveMaterialDamageModel _activeMaterial = new();
+        private readonly ActiveFuelDamageModel _activeFuel = new();
+
+        public float CalculateDamage(TargetType droneType, PowerType powerType,
+            AerosolType aerosolType, float cloudDensity, float exposureTime, float deltaTime)
+        {
+            return aerosolType switch
+            {
+                AerosolType.InertGas => _inertGas.CalculateDamage(droneType, powerType, aerosolType, cloudDensity, exposureTime, deltaTime),
+                AerosolType.ActiveMaterial => _activeMaterial.CalculateDamage(droneType, powerType, aerosolType, cloudDensity, exposureTime, deltaTime),
+                AerosolType.ActiveFuel => _activeFuel.CalculateDamage(droneType, powerType, aerosolType, cloudDensity, exposureTime, deltaTime),
+                _ => 0f,
+            };
+        }
+
+        public DamageStage GetDamageStage(float accumulatedDamage)
+        {
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 1.0f) return DamageStage.Destroyed;
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 0.6f) return DamageStage.AttitudeLoss;
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 0.25f) return DamageStage.EngineAnomaly;
+            return DamageStage.Normal;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/DefaultDefenseAdvisor.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/DefaultDefenseAdvisor.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c96bb9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/DefaultDefenseAdvisor.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    public class DefaultDefenseAdvisor : IDefenseAdvisor
+    {
+        private static readonly Dictionary<PowerType, AerosolType> MatchTable = new()
+        {
+            { PowerType.Electric, AerosolType.InertGas },
+            { PowerType.Piston,   AerosolType.InertGas },
+            { PowerType.Jet,      AerosolType.ActiveMaterial },
+        };
+
+        public DefenseRecommendation Recommend(ThreatProfile threat)
+        {
+            if (threat.Targets.Count == 0 || threat.Waypoints.Count < 2)
+                return new DefenseRecommendation();
+
+            var target = threat.Targets[0];
+            var route = threat.Waypoints;
+
+            // Step A：气溶胶选型
+            var powerType = (PowerType)target.PowerType;
+            var aerosolType = MatchTable.TryGetValue(powerType, out var match)
+                ? match : AerosolType.InertGas;
+
+            var rationale = powerType switch
+            {
+                PowerType.Electric or PowerType.Piston =>
+                    $"{powerType}发动机依赖氧气，推荐惰性气体窒息方案（吸入式灭火）",
+                PowerType.Jet =>
+                    $"{powerType}发动机高温表面可触发活性材料爆燃反应",
+                _ => "默认推荐惰性气体方案",
+            };
+
+            // Step B：时空交汇优化
+            var start = ToV3(route[0]);
+            var end = ToV3(route[^1]);
+            var mid = new Vector3((start.X + end.X) / 2f, (start.Y + end.Y) / 2f, (start.Z + end.Z) / 2f);
+            var routeLength = start.DistanceTo(end);
+            var avgSpeed = (float)target.TypicalSpeed / 3.6f; // km/h → m/s
+            var flightTime = routeLength / avgSpeed;
+
+            // 最佳值：航路中点
+            var bestCloud = new CloudDispersal
+            {
+                AerosolType = (int)aerosolType,
+                PositionX = mid.X,
+                PositionY = mid.Y,
+                PositionZ = mid.Z,
+                DisperseHeight = (float)target.TypicalAltitude,
+                TriggerMode = (int)TriggerMode.Time,
+                Duration = 60,
+                Source = "Algorithm",
+                PositionMode = (int)PositionMode.AlgorithmRecommended,
+                RecommendedTiming = flightTime / 2f,
+            };
+
+            var bestProb = EstimateInterceptProbability(route, avgSpeed, mid, 50f, 60f);
+
+            // 最危险值：航路 1/4 处
+            var criticalPos = new Vector3(
+                start.X + (end.X - start.X) * 0.25f,
+                start.Y + (end.Y - start.Y) * 0.25f,
+                start.Z + (end.Z - start.Z) * 0.25f);
+
+            var criticalCloud = new CloudDispersal
+            {
+                AerosolType = (int)aerosolType,
+                PositionX = criticalPos.X,
+                PositionY = criticalPos.Y,
+                PositionZ = criticalPos.Z,
+                DisperseHeight = (float)target.TypicalAltitude,
+                TriggerMode = (int)TriggerMode.Time,
+                Duration = 60,
+                Source = "Algorithm",
+                PositionMode = (int)PositionMode.AlgorithmRecommended,
+                RecommendedTiming = flightTime / 4f,
+            };
+
+            var criticalProb = EstimateInterceptProbability(route, avgSpeed, criticalPos, 50f, 60f);
+
+            // Step C：反推平台部署
+            var bestPlatforms = RecommendPlatforms(bestCloud, target);
+
+            return new DefenseRecommendation
+            {
+                Best = new DefenseSolution
+                {
+                    RecommendedAerosolType = aerosolType,
+                    AerosolRationale = rationale,
+                    RecommendedCloud = bestCloud,
+                    Platforms = bestPlatforms,
+                    Detections = new List<RecommendedDetection>
+                    {
+                        new RecommendedDetection
+                        {
+                            Position = new Vector3(mid.X, mid.Y, 0),
+                            DetectionRadius = System.Math.Max(3000f, routeLength * 0.4f),
+                            Quantity = 1,
+                        }
+                    },
+                    InterceptProbability = bestProb,
+                    SummaryRationale = $"最佳方案：{aerosolType}方案，预计拦截概率 {bestProb:P0}",
+                },
+                Critical = new DefenseSolution
+                {
+                    RecommendedAerosolType = aerosolType,
+                    AerosolRationale = "临界方案",
+                    RecommendedCloud = criticalCloud,
+                    Platforms = RecommendPlatforms(criticalCloud, target),
+                    Detections = new List<RecommendedDetection>(),
+                    InterceptProbability = criticalProb,
+                    SummaryRationale = $"最危险方案：拦截概率仅 {criticalProb:P0}",
+                },
+            };
+        }
+
+        private List<RecommendedPlatform> RecommendPlatforms(CloudDispersal cloud, TargetConfig target)
+        {
+            // 简化：默认地基火炮
+            var platforms = new List<RecommendedPlatform>();
+            var targetCount = target.Quantity;
+            var platformsNeeded = Math.Max(1, (int)Math.Ceiling(targetCount / 2.0));
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < platformsNeeded; i++)
+            {
+                platforms.Add(new RecommendedPlatform
+                {
+                    Type = PlatformType.GroundBased,
+                    Position = new Vector3((float)(cloud.PositionX + i * 200), 0, 50),
+                    Quantity = 1,
+                    MunitionCount = 3,
+                    CoverageVolume = 500000f,
+                });
+            }
+
+            return platforms;
+        }
+
+        private float EstimateInterceptProbability(List<Waypoint> route, float avgSpeed,
+            Vector3 cloudPos, float cloudRadius, float cloudDuration)
+        {
+            // 简化估算：计算目标在云团中的穿越时间比例
+            float totalDist = 0;
+            float inCloudDist = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < route.Count - 1; i++)
+            {
+                var segStart = ToV3(route[i]);
+                var segEnd = ToV3(route[i + 1]);
+                var segLen = segStart.DistanceTo(segEnd);
+                totalDist += segLen;
+
+                // 简化：检查线段中点是否在云团内
+                var segMid = new Vector3(
+                    (segStart.X + segEnd.X) / 2f,
+                    (segStart.Y + segEnd.Y) / 2f,
+                    (segStart.Z + segEnd.Z) / 2f);
+
+                if (segMid.DistanceTo(cloudPos) <= cloudRadius)
+                    inCloudDist += segLen;
+            }
+
+            return totalDist > 0 ? System.Math.Min(0.95f, inCloudDist / totalDist) : 0f;
+        }
+
+        private static Vector3 ToV3(Waypoint wp)
+        {
+            return new Vector3((float)wp.PosX, (float)wp.PosY, (float)wp.PosZ);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/GaussianPuffDispersion.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/GaussianPuffDispersion.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f45d7e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/GaussianPuffDispersion.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+using System;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    /// <summary>高斯烟团扩散模型 — 简化实现</summary>
+    public class GaussianPuffDispersion : ICloudDispersionModel
+    {
+        private AmmunitionSpec _ammo = null!;
+        private float _elapsed;
+        private float _currentRadius;
+        private Vector3 _center;
+        private Vector3 _windVelocity;
+
+        public Vector3 Center => _center;
+        public float Radius => _currentRadius;
+        public float CoreDensity { get; private set; }
+        public float EffectiveRadius => _currentRadius; // 简化：有效半径 = 物理半径
+        public ParticleParams Particles { get; } = new();
+        public bool IsDissipated { get; private set; }
+
+        public void Initialize(AmmunitionSpec ammo, CombatScene env, Vector3 releasePos, float releaseTime)
+        {
+            _ammo = ammo;
+            _elapsed = 0f;
+            _currentRadius = (float)ammo.InitialRadius;
+            _center = releasePos;
+            CoreDensity = (float)ammo.CoreDensity;
+            IsDissipated = false;
+
+            // 风速 → 速度矢量
+            var dir = WindToVector((WindDirection)env.WindDirection);
+            _windVelocity = dir * (float)env.WindSpeed;
+        }
+
+        public void Tick(float deltaTime, float windSpeed, WindDirection windDir)
+        {
+            if (IsDissipated) return;
+
+            _elapsed += deltaTime;
+
+            // 更新风速（允许动态变化）
+            var dir = WindToVector(windDir);
+            _windVelocity = dir * windSpeed;
+
+            // 半径膨胀：初始半径 + 扩散速率 × 时间
+            // 加入大气稳定度因子（简化：1.0）
+            var dispersionRate = (float)(_ammo.DispersionRateBase * 1.0f);
+            _currentRadius = (float)_ammo.InitialRadius + dispersionRate * _elapsed;
+
+            // 中心随风漂移
+            _center += _windVelocity * deltaTime;
+
+            // 密度衰减：核心密度 × (初始半径 / 当前半径)³
+            if (_currentRadius > 0.001f)
+            {
+                var volumeRatio = (float)System.Math.Pow((float)_ammo.InitialRadius / _currentRadius, 3);
+                CoreDensity = (float)_ammo.CoreDensity * volumeRatio;
+            }
+
+            // 更新粒子参数
+            Particles.Opacity = System.Math.Max(0.1f, CoreDensity / (float)_ammo.CoreDensity);
+            Particles.SizeMultiplier = _currentRadius / (float)_ammo.InitialRadius;
+
+            // 消散条件
+            if (_elapsed >= (float)_ammo.MaxDuration || _currentRadius >= (float)_ammo.MaxRadius)
+            {
+                IsDissipated = true;
+                Particles.Opacity = 0f;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static Vector3 WindToVector(WindDirection dir)
+        {
+            var angle = dir switch
+            {
+                WindDirection.N => 0f,
+                WindDirection.NE => 45f,
+                WindDirection.E => 90f,
+                WindDirection.SE => 135f,
+                WindDirection.S => 180f,
+                WindDirection.SW => 225f,
+                WindDirection.W => 270f,
+                WindDirection.NW => 315f,
+                _ => 0f,
+            };
+            var rad = angle * (float)System.Math.PI / 180f;
+            return new Vector3((float)System.Math.Sin(rad), 0, (float)System.Math.Cos(rad));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/ICloudDispersionModel.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/ICloudDispersionModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b62099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/ICloudDispersionModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    public interface ICloudDispersionModel
+    {
+        void Initialize(AmmunitionSpec ammo, CombatScene env, Vector3 releasePos, float releaseTime);
+        void Tick(float deltaTime, float windSpeed, WindDirection windDir);
+        Vector3 Center { get; }
+        float Radius { get; }
+        float CoreDensity { get; }
+        float EffectiveRadius { get; }
+        ParticleParams Particles { get; }
+        bool IsDissipated { get; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/IDamageModel.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/IDamageModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c639345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/IDamageModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    public interface IDamageModel
+    {
+        float CalculateDamage(TargetType droneType, PowerType powerType,
+            AerosolType aerosolType, float cloudDensity, float exposureTime, float deltaTime);
+
+        DamageStage GetDamageStage(float accumulatedDamage);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/IDefenseAdvisor.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/IDefenseAdvisor.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..449483e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/IDefenseAdvisor.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    public interface IDefenseAdvisor
+    {
+        DefenseRecommendation Recommend(ThreatProfile threat);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/InertGasDamageModel.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/InertGasDamageModel.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22d5a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/InertGasDamageModel.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+using System;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
+{
+    /// <summary>吸入式灭火 — 阈值型：密度达标后线性累积</summary>
+    public class InertGasDamageModel : IDamageModel
+    {
+        private const float EffectiveThreshold = 0.05f;   // 有效浓度阈值
+        private const float DamageRate = 0.15f;           // 每秒毁伤率
+
+        public float CalculateDamage(TargetType droneType, PowerType powerType,
+            AerosolType aerosolType, float cloudDensity, float exposureTime, float deltaTime)
+        {
+            if (aerosolType != AerosolType.InertGas) return 0f;
+            if (cloudDensity < EffectiveThreshold) return 0f;
+
+            // 活塞发动机对惰性气体最敏感
+            var sensitivity = powerType == PowerType.Piston ? 1.5f : 1.0f;
+            return DamageRate * sensitivity * deltaTime;
+        }
+
+        public DamageStage GetDamageStage(float accumulatedDamage)
+        {
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 1.0f) return DamageStage.Destroyed;
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 0.6f) return DamageStage.AttitudeLoss;
+            if (accumulatedDamage >= 0.25f) return DamageStage.EngineAnomaly;
+            return DamageStage.Normal;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Services/ScenarioService.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Services/ScenarioService.cs
index e64cd14..aaf289b 100644
--- a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Services/ScenarioService.cs
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Services/ScenarioService.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Threading;
 using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
 using CounterDrone.Core.Repository;
 
@@ -210,12 +211,13 @@ namespace CounterDrone.Core.Services
             }
         }
 
+        private static int _counter;
+
         public static string GenerateTaskNumber()
         {
             var now = DateTime.Now;
             var datePart = now.ToString("yyyyMMdd");
-            var random = new Random();
-            var seq = random.Next(1, 1000);
+            var seq = Interlocked.Increment(ref _counter);
             return $"SIM-{datePart}-{seq:D3}";
         }
     }
diff --git a/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/AlgorithmFactoryTests.cs b/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/AlgorithmFactoryTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74e869a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/AlgorithmFactoryTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+using CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Tests
+{
+    public class AlgorithmFactoryTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void Create_ReturnsDefaultImplementations()
+        {
+            var dispersion = AlgorithmFactory.Create<ICloudDispersionModel>();
+            Assert.IsType<GaussianPuffDispersion>(dispersion);
+
+            var damage = AlgorithmFactory.Create<IDamageModel>();
+            Assert.IsType<DamageModelRouter>(damage);
+
+            var advisor = AlgorithmFactory.Create<IDefenseAdvisor>();
+            Assert.IsType<DefaultDefenseAdvisor>(advisor);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Register_ReplacesImplementation()
+        {
+            // 替换为自定义实现
+            AlgorithmFactory.Register<ICloudDispersionModel, MockDispersion>();
+
+            var instance = AlgorithmFactory.Create<ICloudDispersionModel>();
+            Assert.IsType<MockDispersion>(instance);
+
+            // 还原
+            AlgorithmFactory.Register<ICloudDispersionModel, GaussianPuffDispersion>();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class MockDispersion : ICloudDispersionModel
+    {
+        public Vector3 Center => new();
+        public float Radius => 100f;
+        public float CoreDensity => 1f;
+        public float EffectiveRadius => 100f;
+        public ParticleParams Particles => new();
+        public bool IsDissipated => false;
+
+        public void Initialize(CounterDrone.Core.Models.AmmunitionSpec ammo,
+            CounterDrone.Core.Models.CombatScene env, Vector3 releasePos, float releaseTime) { }
+        public void Tick(float deltaTime, float windSpeed,
+            CounterDrone.Core.Models.WindDirection windDir) { }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/DamageModelTests.cs b/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/DamageModelTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..412eb7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/DamageModelTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+using CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Tests
+{
+    public class DamageModelTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void InertGas_PistonEngine_TakesExtraDamage()
+        {
+            var model = new InertGasDamageModel();
+
+            // 活塞发动机暴露于惰性气体
+            var dmg = model.CalculateDamage(TargetType.Piston, PowerType.Piston,
+                AerosolType.InertGas, cloudDensity: 0.1f, exposureTime: 2f, deltaTime: 1f);
+
+            Assert.True(dmg > 0.1f); // 高于基础速率（0.15 × 1.5 = 0.225）
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void InertGas_BelowThreshold_NoDamage()
+        {
+            var model = new InertGasDamageModel();
+
+            var dmg = model.CalculateDamage(TargetType.Piston, PowerType.Piston,
+                AerosolType.InertGas, cloudDensity: 0.01f, exposureTime: 2f, deltaTime: 1f);
+
+            Assert.Equal(0f, dmg);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void InertGas_WrongAerosolType_NoDamage()
+        {
+            var model = new InertGasDamageModel();
+
+            var dmg = model.CalculateDamage(TargetType.Piston, PowerType.Piston,
+                AerosolType.ActiveMaterial, cloudDensity: 0.1f, exposureTime: 2f, deltaTime: 1f);
+
+            Assert.Equal(0f, dmg);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ActiveMaterial_TriggersBurst()
+        {
+            var model = new ActiveMaterialDamageModel();
+
+            var dmg1 = model.CalculateDamage(TargetType.FixedWing, PowerType.Jet,
+                AerosolType.ActiveMaterial, cloudDensity: 0.2f, exposureTime: 1f, deltaTime: 1f);
+
+            Assert.True(dmg1 >= 0.5f); // 爆发伤害
+
+            var dmg2 = model.CalculateDamage(TargetType.FixedWing, PowerType.Jet,
+                AerosolType.ActiveMaterial, cloudDensity: 0.2f, exposureTime: 2f, deltaTime: 1f);
+
+            Assert.True(dmg2 < 0.1f); // 后续余伤很小
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ActiveMaterial_JetEngine_ExtraSensitivity()
+        {
+            var model = new ActiveMaterialDamageModel();
+
+            var dmg = model.CalculateDamage(TargetType.FixedWing, PowerType.Jet,
+                AerosolType.ActiveMaterial, cloudDensity: 0.2f, exposureTime: 0f, deltaTime: 0.1f);
+
+            // 喷气发动机：0.6 × 1.3 = 0.78
+            Assert.True(dmg > 0.7f);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ActiveFuel_ExponentialGrowth()
+        {
+            var model = new ActiveFuelDamageModel();
+
+            var dmg1 = model.CalculateDamage(TargetType.HighSpeed, PowerType.Jet,
+                AerosolType.ActiveFuel, cloudDensity: 0.1f, exposureTime: 1f, deltaTime: 1f);
+
+            var dmg2 = model.CalculateDamage(TargetType.HighSpeed, PowerType.Jet,
+                AerosolType.ActiveFuel, cloudDensity: 0.1f, exposureTime: 5f, deltaTime: 1f);
+
+            // 5 秒后的伤害应显著大于 1 秒后
+            Assert.True(dmg2 > dmg1 * 2f);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ActiveFuel_HighSpeedTarget_ExtraSensitive()
+        {
+            var model = new ActiveFuelDamageModel();
+
+            var dmg = model.CalculateDamage(TargetType.HighSpeed, PowerType.Jet,
+                AerosolType.ActiveFuel, cloudDensity: 0.1f, exposureTime: 1f, deltaTime: 1f);
+
+            Assert.True(dmg > 0.02f); // 基础速率 × 灵敏度
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DamageStage_Progression()
+        {
+            var model = new InertGasDamageModel();
+
+            Assert.Equal(DamageStage.Normal, model.GetDamageStage(0.1f));
+            Assert.Equal(DamageStage.EngineAnomaly, model.GetDamageStage(0.3f));
+            Assert.Equal(DamageStage.AttitudeLoss, model.GetDamageStage(0.7f));
+            Assert.Equal(DamageStage.Destroyed, model.GetDamageStage(1.0f));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Router_RoutesToCorrectModel()
+        {
+            var router = new DamageModelRouter();
+
+            // 惰性气体
+            var dmg1 = router.CalculateDamage(TargetType.Piston, PowerType.Piston,
+                AerosolType.InertGas, 0.1f, 1f, 1f);
+            Assert.True(dmg1 > 0f);
+
+            // 活性材料
+            var dmg2 = router.CalculateDamage(TargetType.FixedWing, PowerType.Jet,
+                AerosolType.ActiveMaterial, 0.2f, 0f, 1f);
+            Assert.True(dmg2 > 0f);
+
+            // 活性燃料
+            var dmg3 = router.CalculateDamage(TargetType.HighSpeed, PowerType.Jet,
+                AerosolType.ActiveFuel, 0.1f, 1f, 1f);
+            Assert.True(dmg3 > 0f);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/DefenseAdvisorTests.cs b/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/DefenseAdvisorTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91c45fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/DefenseAdvisorTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Tests
+{
+    public class DefenseAdvisorTests
+    {
+        private ThreatProfile CreateSimpleThreat(PowerType powerType = PowerType.Piston)
+        {
+            return new ThreatProfile
+            {
+                Environment = new CombatScene
+                {
+                    WindSpeed = 5.0,
+                    WindDirection = (int)WindDirection.E,
+                },
+                Targets = new List<TargetConfig>
+                {
+                    new TargetConfig
+                    {
+                        TargetType = (int)TargetType.Piston,
+                        PowerType = (int)powerType,
+                        Quantity = 3,
+                        TypicalSpeed = 120.0,
+                        TypicalAltitude = 500.0,
+                    },
+                },
+                Route = new RoutePlan { FormationMode = (int)FormationMode.Single },
+                Waypoints = new List<Waypoint>
+                {
+                    new Waypoint { PosX = 0, PosY = 0, PosZ = 100, Altitude = 500, Speed = 120 },
+                    new Waypoint { PosX = 10000, PosY = 0, PosZ = 100, Altitude = 500, Speed = 120 },
+                },
+            };
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Recommend_PistonEngine_RecommendsInertGas()
+        {
+            var advisor = new DefaultDefenseAdvisor();
+            var result = advisor.Recommend(CreateSimpleThreat(PowerType.Piston));
+
+            Assert.Equal(AerosolType.InertGas, result.Best.RecommendedAerosolType);
+            Assert.Contains("惰性气体", result.Best.AerosolRationale);
+            Assert.True(result.Best.InterceptProbability > 0f);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Recommend_JetEngine_RecommendsActiveMaterial()
+        {
+            var advisor = new DefaultDefenseAdvisor();
+            var result = advisor.Recommend(CreateSimpleThreat(PowerType.Jet));
+
+            Assert.Equal(AerosolType.ActiveMaterial, result.Best.RecommendedAerosolType);
+            Assert.Contains("活性材料", result.Best.AerosolRationale);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Recommend_ElectricEngine_RecommendsInertGas()
+        {
+            var advisor = new DefaultDefenseAdvisor();
+            var result = advisor.Recommend(CreateSimpleThreat(PowerType.Electric));
+
+            Assert.Equal(AerosolType.InertGas, result.Best.RecommendedAerosolType);
+            Assert.Contains("惰性气体", result.Best.AerosolRationale);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Recommend_ProducesBestAndCritical()
+        {
+            var advisor = new DefaultDefenseAdvisor();
+            var result = advisor.Recommend(CreateSimpleThreat());
+
+            Assert.NotNull(result.Best);
+            Assert.NotNull(result.Critical);
+            Assert.True(result.Best.InterceptProbability >= result.Critical.InterceptProbability,
+                "最佳值拦截概率应 ≥ 最危险值");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Recommend_CloudPosition_OnRoute()
+        {
+            var advisor = new DefaultDefenseAdvisor();
+            var result = advisor.Recommend(CreateSimpleThreat());
+
+            // 最佳位置应在航路中点附近 (5000, 0, 100)
+            var pos = result.Best.RecommendedCloud;
+            Assert.True(pos.PositionX > 1000 && pos.PositionX < 9000,
+                $"PositionX={pos.PositionX} 应在航路范围内");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Recommend_ReturnsPlatforms()
+        {
+            var advisor = new DefaultDefenseAdvisor();
+            var result = advisor.Recommend(CreateSimpleThreat());
+
+            Assert.NotEmpty(result.Best.Platforms);
+            Assert.Equal(PlatformType.GroundBased, result.Best.Platforms[0].Type);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Recommend_ReturnsDetection()
+        {
+            var advisor = new DefaultDefenseAdvisor();
+            var result = advisor.Recommend(CreateSimpleThreat());
+
+            Assert.NotEmpty(result.Best.Detections);
+            Assert.True(result.Best.Detections[0].DetectionRadius > 0);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Recommend_MarksSourceAsAlgorithm()
+        {
+            var advisor = new DefaultDefenseAdvisor();
+            var result = advisor.Recommend(CreateSimpleThreat());
+
+            Assert.Equal("Algorithm", result.Best.RecommendedCloud.Source);
+            Assert.Equal((int)PositionMode.AlgorithmRecommended,
+                result.Best.RecommendedCloud.PositionMode);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/DispersionModelTests.cs b/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/DispersionModelTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4330773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/CounterDrone.Core.Tests/DispersionModelTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms;
+using CounterDrone.Core.Models;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace CounterDrone.Core.Tests
+{
+    public class DispersionModelTests
+    {
+        private AmmunitionSpec CreateTestAmmo()
+        {
+            return new AmmunitionSpec
+            {
+                InitialRadius = 50.0,
+                InitialVolume = 500000.0,
+                CoreDensity = 1.2,
+                EdgeDensity = 0.1,
+                DispersionRateBase = 5.0,
+                MaxRadius = 200.0,
+                MaxDuration = 60.0,
+                EffectiveConcentration = 0.05,
+            };
+        }
+
+        private CombatScene CreateTestEnv(float windSpeed = 5.0f, WindDirection dir = WindDirection.E)
+        {
+            return new CombatScene
+            {
+                WindSpeed = windSpeed,
+                WindDirection = (int)dir,
+                Temperature = 20,
+                Humidity = 60,
+                Pressure = 1013,
+            };
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Initialize_SetsProperties()
+        {
+            var model = new GaussianPuffDispersion();
+            var ammo = CreateTestAmmo();
+            var env = CreateTestEnv();
+
+            model.Initialize(ammo, env, new Vector3(1000, 0, 300), 0f);
+
+            Assert.Equal(50f, model.Radius);
+            Assert.Equal(1.2f, model.CoreDensity);
+            Assert.False(model.IsDissipated);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Tick_ExpandsRadius()
+        {
+            var model = new GaussianPuffDispersion();
+            model.Initialize(CreateTestAmmo(), CreateTestEnv(), new Vector3(0, 0, 0), 0f);
+
+            // 5 秒后
+            model.Tick(5f, 5f, WindDirection.E);
+            // 初始 50 + 扩散速率 5 × 5s = 75
+            Assert.True(model.Radius > 55f && model.Radius < 80f);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Tick_WindDrift_MovesCenter()
+        {
+            var model = new GaussianPuffDispersion();
+            model.Initialize(CreateTestAmmo(), CreateTestEnv(10f, WindDirection.E), new Vector3(0, 0, 0), 0f);
+
+            model.Tick(10f, 10f, WindDirection.E);
+
+            // 东风 10 m/s × 10s = 100m，东是 +X
+            Assert.True(model.Center.X > 80f);
+            Assert.True(model.Center.Z < 20f); // 纯东向，Z 不应有大偏移
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Tick_DensityDecays()
+        {
+            var model = new GaussianPuffDispersion();
+            model.Initialize(CreateTestAmmo(), CreateTestEnv(0f, WindDirection.N), new Vector3(0, 0, 0), 0f);
+
+            model.Tick(20f, 0f, WindDirection.N);
+
+            // 半径膨胀后密度应下降
+            Assert.True(model.CoreDensity < 1.2f);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Tick_DissipatesAfterMaxDuration()
+        {
+            var model = new GaussianPuffDispersion();
+            var ammo = CreateTestAmmo();
+            ammo.MaxDuration = 5.0; // 5秒消散
+            model.Initialize(ammo, CreateTestEnv(), new Vector3(0, 0, 0), 0f);
+
+            model.Tick(6f, 0f, WindDirection.N);
+
+            Assert.True(model.IsDissipated);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Tick_DissipatesAtMaxRadius()
+        {
+            var model = new GaussianPuffDispersion();
+            var ammo = CreateTestAmmo();
+            ammo.MaxRadius = 60.0;
+            ammo.DispersionRateBase = 100.0; // 快速膨胀
+            model.Initialize(ammo, CreateTestEnv(), new Vector3(0, 0, 0), 0f);
+
+            model.Tick(1f, 0f, WindDirection.N);
+
+            Assert.True(model.IsDissipated);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ParticleOpacity_DecaysWithDensity()
+        {
+            var model = new GaussianPuffDispersion();
+            model.Initialize(CreateTestAmmo(), CreateTestEnv(0f, WindDirection.N), new Vector3(0, 0, 0), 0f);
+
+            Assert.Equal(1.0f, model.Particles.Opacity, 0.01f);
+
+            model.Tick(30f, 0f, WindDirection.N);
+
+            Assert.True(model.Particles.Opacity < 1.0f);
+        }
+    }
+}