diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/DefensePlanner.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/DefensePlanner.cs
index 928ee6b..965fd8b 100644
--- a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/DefensePlanner.cs
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Algorithms/DefensePlanner.cs
@@ -366,13 +366,7 @@ namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
             if (dist > maxRange) return null;
 
             float shellTime = dist / unit.MuzzleVelocity;
-
-            // 用 InterceptCalculator 验证可行性 + 获取发射角
-            float speedKph = GetDroneSpeedKph(threat);
-            var (interceptArc, _, launchAngle) = InterceptCalculator.Compute(
-                threat.Waypoints, threat.DetectArc, speedKph,
-                _config.ReactionTime + expansionTime, unit.Position, unit.MuzzleVelocity);
-            if (interceptArc <= 0) return null;
+            if (!HasInterceptWindow(threat, midArc, expansionTime, shellTime)) return null;
 
             float interceptTime = threat.ArrivalTime;
 
@@ -408,14 +402,6 @@ namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
             if (deliveryTime > interceptTime) return null;
             if (!HasInterceptWindow(threat, midArc, expansionTime, deliveryTime)) return null;
 
-            // 空基也用 InterceptCalculator 验证
-            float speedKph = GetDroneSpeedKph(threat);
-            var (icArc, _, _) = InterceptCalculator.ComputeHorizontal(
-                threat.Waypoints, threat.DetectArc, speedKph,
-                _config.ReactionTime + expansionTime, unit.Position, unit.CruiseSpeed,
-                unit.ReleaseAltitude, (float)threat.Target.TypicalAltitude);
-            if (icArc <= 0) return null;
-
             float avgSpeed = GetDroneSpeedMs(threat);
             float neededExposure = _damageModel.RequiredExposureSeconds((TargetType)threat.Target.TargetType, (PowerType)threat.Target.PowerType, ammoType);
             float actualExposure = effectiveR * 2f / avgSpeed;
@@ -499,11 +485,23 @@ namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
             float typicalSpeed = GetDroneSpeedKph(threat);
             if (typicalSpeed <= 0) return (events, "目标速度无效");
 
-            // 航路感知布局：穿越点弧长 = 航路中点弧长 + 沿航路偏移
-            // targetOffset 现在是沿航路切向的弧长偏移（不再是 X 分量），支持任意方向航路
+            // 用 InterceptCalculator 计算拦截弧长和发射角
             var mid = ThreatMidpoint(threat);
             float midArc = RouteGeometry.ArcLengthNearestTo(wps, mid.X, mid.Z);
-            float crossArc = midArc + targetOffset;
+            float crossArc;
+            float launchAngle = 0;
+            if (unit.Type == PlatformType.GroundBased)
+            {
+                var (ia, _, la) = InterceptCalculator.Compute(
+                    wps, threat.DetectArc, typicalSpeed,
+                    _config.ReactionTime + expansionTime, unit.Position, unit.MuzzleVelocity);
+                crossArc = ia > 0 ? ia : midArc + targetOffset;
+                launchAngle = la;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                crossArc = midArc + targetOffset;
+            }
 
             // 编队横向偏移：按车道分布在航路法向上，与 DroneEntity 编队偏移一致（起点展开）。
             // DroneEntity: latOffset = formationIndex * lateralSpacing（0/50/100...）
@@ -578,6 +576,7 @@ namespace CounterDrone.Core.Algorithms
                 TargetY = ty,
                 TargetZ = cloudGenZ,
                 MuzzleVelocity = unit.Type == PlatformType.AirBased ? 0f : unit.MuzzleVelocity,
+                LaunchAngle = launchAngle,
             });
 
             return (events, null);
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Simulation/MunitionEntity.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Simulation/MunitionEntity.cs
index 1f6dc25..75303b5 100644
--- a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Simulation/MunitionEntity.cs
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Simulation/MunitionEntity.cs
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ namespace CounterDrone.Core.Simulation
             float targetX, float targetY, float targetZ,
             float muzzleVelocity, float releaseAltitude,
             float launchTime,
+            float? launchAngle = null,
             float carrierVelX = 0f, float carrierVelY = 0f, float carrierVelZ = 0f)
         {
             Id = id;
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ namespace CounterDrone.Core.Simulation
                 var dz = targetZ - startZ;
                 var horizontalDist = (float)System.Math.Sqrt(dx * dx + dz * dz);
                 _azimuth = horizontalDist > 0.001f ? (float)System.Math.Atan2(dx, dz) : 0;
-                _launchAngle = Kinematics.CalculateLaunchAngle(horizontalDist, muzzleVelocity, releaseAltitude);
+                _launchAngle = launchAngle ?? Kinematics.CalculateLaunchAngle(horizontalDist, muzzleVelocity, releaseAltitude);
                 _flightDuration = Kinematics.ParabolicTimeOfFlight(horizontalDist, _launchAngle, muzzleVelocity);
             }
             else
diff --git a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Simulation/SimulationEngine.cs b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Simulation/SimulationEngine.cs
index 8fb699d..1ddaa50 100644
--- a/src/CounterDrone.Core/Simulation/SimulationEngine.cs
+++ b/src/CounterDrone.Core/Simulation/SimulationEngine.cs
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ namespace CounterDrone.Core.Simulation
                         platform.AerosolType ?? Models.AerosolType.InertGas,
                         platform.PosX, platform.PosY, platform.PosZ,
                         fe.TargetX, fe.TargetY, fe.TargetZ, fe.MuzzleVelocity, _disperseHeight,
-                        fe.FireTime);
+                        fe.FireTime, fe.LaunchAngle);
                     _munitions.Add(m);
                     OnMunitionLaunched?.Invoke(m);
                     _frameEventPool.Add(new SimEvent { Type = SimEventType.MunitionLaunched, OccurredAt = fe.FireTime, SourceId = platform.Id, Description = $"计划发射 {m.Id} @({platform.PosX:F0},{platform.PosY:F0},{platform.PosZ:F0})→({fe.TargetX:F0},{fe.TargetY:F0},{fe.TargetZ:F0})" });