diff --git a/configs/sample_cam1.json b/configs/sample_cam1.json
index 182426f..04ecbd8 100644
--- a/configs/sample_cam1.json
+++ b/configs/sample_cam1.json
@@ -23,8 +23,11 @@
           "fps": 25,
           "gop": 50,
           "bitrate_kbps": 4000,
+          "use_mpp": true,
+          "use_ffmpeg_mux": true,
           "outputs": [
-            { "proto": "rtsp", "port": 8554, "path": "/live/cam1" }
+            { "proto": "rtsp", "port": 8554, "path": "/live/cam1" },
+            { "proto": "hls",  "path": "hls/cam1/index.m3u8", "segment_sec": 2 }
           ]
         }
       ],
diff --git a/plugins/CMakeLists.txt b/plugins/CMakeLists.txt
index e1150af..266af1a 100644
--- a/plugins/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/plugins/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -52,6 +52,19 @@ set_target_properties(input_rtsp PROPERTIES
 add_library(publish SHARED publish/publish_node.cpp)
 target_include_directories(publish PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party)
 target_link_libraries(publish PRIVATE project_options Threads::Threads)
+if(RK3588_ENABLE_FFMPEG)
+    target_compile_definitions(publish PRIVATE RK3588_ENABLE_FFMPEG)
+    target_include_directories(publish PRIVATE ${FFMPEG_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+    target_link_libraries(publish PRIVATE PkgConfig::FFMPEG)
+endif()
+if(RK3588_ENABLE_MPP AND RK_MPP_LIB)
+    target_compile_definitions(publish PRIVATE RK3588_ENABLE_MPP)
+    target_include_directories(publish PRIVATE
+        ${RK_MPP_ROOT}/inc
+        ${RK_RKNN_ROOT}/examples/3rdparty/mpp/include
+    )
+    target_link_libraries(publish PRIVATE ${RK_MPP_LIB})
+endif()
 set_target_properties(publish PROPERTIES
     OUTPUT_NAME "publish"
     LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${RK_PLUGIN_OUTPUT_DIR}
diff --git a/plugins/publish/publish_node.cpp b/plugins/publish/publish_node.cpp
index cbd6c80..f893f1a 100644
--- a/plugins/publish/publish_node.cpp
+++ b/plugins/publish/publish_node.cpp
@@ -1,12 +1,473 @@
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <chrono>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
 #include <thread>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "node.h"
 
+#if defined(RK3588_ENABLE_FFMPEG)
+extern "C" {
+#include <libavformat/avformat.h>
+#include <libavutil/avutil.h>
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(RK3588_ENABLE_MPP)
+extern "C" {
+#include <rockchip/mpp_buffer.h>
+#include <rockchip/mpp_packet.h>
+#include <rockchip/rk_mpi.h>
+}
+#endif
+
 namespace rk3588 {
 
+namespace {
+inline int Align16(int v) { return (v + 15) & ~15; }
+}
+
+struct OutputConfig {
+    std::string proto = "rtsp";  // rtsp | hls
+    int port = 8554;
+    std::string path = "/live/stream";  // rtsp: url path; hls: dir or m3u8 path
+    int segment_sec = 2;
+};
+
+struct EncodedPacket {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data;
+    bool key = false;
+    int64_t pts_ms = 0;
+};
+
+#if defined(RK3588_ENABLE_FFMPEG)
+class AvMuxer {
+public:
+    bool Init(const OutputConfig& cfg, AVCodecID codec_id, int width, int height, int fps,
+              const std::vector<uint8_t>& extradata) {
+        proto_ = cfg.proto.empty() ? "rtsp" : cfg.proto;
+        fps_ = fps > 0 ? fps : 25;
+        url_ = BuildUrl(cfg);
+        avformat_network_init();
+
+        const char* fmt_name = proto_ == "hls" ? "hls" : "rtsp";
+        if (avformat_alloc_output_context2(&fmt_, nullptr, fmt_name, url_.c_str()) < 0 || !fmt_) {
+            std::cerr << "[publish] avformat_alloc_output_context2 failed for " << url_ << "\n";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        stream_ = avformat_new_stream(fmt_, nullptr);
+        if (!stream_) {
+            std::cerr << "[publish] avformat_new_stream failed for " << url_ << "\n";
+            Close();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        stream_->time_base = AVRational{1, 1000};
+        stream_->avg_frame_rate = AVRational{fps_, 1};
+        stream_->codecpar->codec_type = AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO;
+        stream_->codecpar->codec_id = codec_id;
+        stream_->codecpar->width = width;
+        stream_->codecpar->height = height;
+        stream_->codecpar->format = AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P;
+        stream_->codecpar->codec_tag = 0;
+
+        if (!extradata.empty()) {
+            stream_->codecpar->extradata_size = static_cast<int>(extradata.size());
+            stream_->codecpar->extradata =
+                static_cast<uint8_t*>(av_mallocz(extradata.size() + AV_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE));
+            if (stream_->codecpar->extradata) {
+                std::memcpy(stream_->codecpar->extradata, extradata.data(), extradata.size());
+            }
+        }
+
+        AVDictionary* opts = nullptr;
+        if (proto_ == "rtsp") {
+            av_dict_set(&opts, "rtsp_flags", "listen", 0);
+            av_dict_set(&opts, "rtsp_transport", "tcp", 0);
+        } else if (proto_ == "hls") {
+            std::string seg = std::to_string(std::max(1, cfg.segment_sec));
+            av_dict_set(&opts, "hls_time", seg.c_str(), 0);
+            av_dict_set(&opts, "hls_list_size", "0", 0);
+            av_dict_set(&opts, "hls_flags", "delete_segments+append_list", 0);
+        }
+
+        if (!(fmt_->oformat->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE)) {
+            if (av_io_open(url_, opts) < 0) {
+                av_dict_free(&opts);
+                Close();
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (avformat_write_header(fmt_, &opts) < 0) {
+            std::cerr << "[publish] avformat_write_header failed for " << url_ << "\n";
+            av_dict_free(&opts);
+            Close();
+            return false;
+        }
+        av_dict_free(&opts);
+        ready_ = true;
+        std::cout << "[publish] mux start " << proto_ << " -> " << url_ << "\n";
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool WriteFrame(const EncodedPacket& pkt) {
+        if (!ready_ || !stream_) return false;
+        if (pkt.data.empty()) return false;
+
+        AVPacket out;
+        av_init_packet(&out);
+        if (av_new_packet(&out, static_cast<int>(pkt.data.size())) < 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        std::memcpy(out.data, pkt.data.data(), pkt.data.size());
+        out.stream_index = stream_->index;
+        out.flags = pkt.key ? AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY : 0;
+        out.pts = av_rescale_q(pkt.pts_ms, AVRational{1, 1000}, stream_->time_base);
+        out.dts = out.pts;
+        out.duration = av_rescale_q(1000 / std::max(1, fps_), AVRational{1, 1000}, stream_->time_base);
+
+        int ret = av_interleaved_write_frame(fmt_, &out);
+        av_packet_unref(&out);
+        if (ret < 0 && !warned_) {
+            std::cerr << "[publish] av_interleaved_write_frame failed for " << url_ << " ret="
+                      << ret << "\n";
+            warned_ = true;
+        }
+        return ret >= 0;
+    }
+
+    void Close() {
+        if (fmt_) {
+            if (ready_) av_write_trailer(fmt_);
+            if (!(fmt_->oformat->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE) && fmt_->pb) {
+                avio_closep(&fmt_->pb);
+            }
+            avformat_free_context(fmt_);
+        }
+        fmt_ = nullptr;
+        stream_ = nullptr;
+        ready_ = false;
+        warned_ = false;
+    }
+
+private:
+    int av_io_open(const std::string& url, AVDictionary* opts) {
+        if (proto_ == "hls") {
+            std::filesystem::path p(url);
+            if (!p.has_extension()) p /= "index.m3u8";
+            if (!p.is_absolute()) p = std::filesystem::current_path() / p;
+            std::error_code ec;
+            std::filesystem::create_directories(p.parent_path(), ec);
+            resolved_path_ = p.string();
+            return avio_open2(&fmt_->pb, resolved_path_.c_str(), AVIO_FLAG_WRITE, nullptr, &opts);
+        }
+        resolved_path_ = url;
+        return avio_open2(&fmt_->pb, url.c_str(), AVIO_FLAG_WRITE, nullptr, &opts);
+    }
+
+    std::string BuildUrl(const OutputConfig& cfg) const {
+        if (proto_ == "hls") return cfg.path;
+        std::string path = cfg.path;
+        if (path.empty() || path[0] != '/') path = "/" + path;
+        return "rtsp://0.0.0.0:" + std::to_string(cfg.port) + path;
+    }
+
+    AVFormatContext* fmt_ = nullptr;
+    AVStream* stream_ = nullptr;
+    std::string url_;
+    std::string resolved_path_;
+    std::string proto_;
+    int fps_ = 25;
+    bool ready_ = false;
+    bool warned_ = false;
+};
+
+class AvMuxerManager {
+public:
+    bool Init(const std::vector<OutputConfig>& outputs, AVCodecID codec_id, int width, int height,
+              int fps, const std::vector<uint8_t>& extradata) {
+        bool ok = false;
+        for (const auto& o : outputs) {
+            auto mux = std::make_unique<AvMuxer>();
+            if (mux->Init(o, codec_id, width, height, fps, extradata)) {
+                muxers_.push_back(std::move(mux));
+                ok = true;
+            }
+        }
+        return ok;
+    }
+
+    void Write(const EncodedPacket& pkt) {
+        for (auto& m : muxers_) {
+            m->WriteFrame(pkt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void Close() {
+        for (auto& m : muxers_) m->Close();
+        muxers_.clear();
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<AvMuxer>> muxers_;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if defined(RK3588_ENABLE_MPP)
+class MppVencEncoder {
+public:
+    ~MppVencEncoder() { Shutdown(); }
+
+    bool InitFromFrame(const Frame& src, const std::string& codec, int fps, int gop,
+                       int bitrate_kbps) {
+        width_ = src.width;
+        height_ = src.height;
+        hor_stride_ = src.planes[0].stride > 0 ? src.planes[0].stride
+                      : (src.stride > 0 ? src.stride : Align16(src.width));
+        ver_stride_ = Align16(src.height);
+        fps_ = fps > 0 ? fps : 25;
+        gop_ = gop > 0 ? gop : fps_ * 2;
+        bitrate_bps_ = (bitrate_kbps > 0 ? bitrate_kbps : 4000) * 1000;
+
+        if (src.format == PixelFormat::NV12) {
+            mpp_fmt_ = MPP_FMT_YUV420SP;
+        } else if (src.format == PixelFormat::YUV420) {
+            mpp_fmt_ = MPP_FMT_YUV420P;
+        } else {
+            std::cerr << "[publish] unsupported pixel format for mpp encoder\n";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (codec == "h265" || codec == "hevc") {
+            coding_ = MPP_VIDEO_CodingHEVC;
+        } else {
+            coding_ = MPP_VIDEO_CodingAVC;
+        }
+
+        if (mpp_create(&ctx_, &mpi_) != MPP_OK) {
+            std::cerr << "[publish] mpp_create failed\n";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (mpp_init(ctx_, MPP_CTX_ENC, coding_) != MPP_OK) {
+            std::cerr << "[publish] mpp_init enc failed\n";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (mpp_enc_cfg_init(&cfg_) != MPP_OK) {
+            std::cerr << "[publish] mpp_enc_cfg_init failed\n";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (mpi_->control(ctx_, MPP_ENC_GET_CFG, cfg_) != MPP_OK) {
+            std::cerr << "[publish] MPP_ENC_GET_CFG failed\n";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "prep:width", width_);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "prep:height", height_);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "prep:hor_stride", hor_stride_);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "prep:ver_stride", ver_stride_);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "prep:format", mpp_fmt_);
+
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "rc:mode", MPP_ENC_RC_MODE_CBR);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "rc:gop", gop_);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "rc:fps_in_num", fps_);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "rc:fps_in_denorm", 1);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "rc:fps_out_num", fps_);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "rc:fps_out_denorm", 1);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "rc:bps_target", bitrate_bps_);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "rc:bps_max", bitrate_bps_ * 3 / 2);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "rc:bps_min", bitrate_bps_ / 2);
+        mpp_enc_cfg_set_s32(cfg_, "codec:type", coding_);
+
+        if (mpi_->control(ctx_, MPP_ENC_SET_CFG, cfg_) != MPP_OK) {
+            std::cerr << "[publish] MPP_ENC_SET_CFG failed\n";
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        RK_S32 timeout = 2000;
+        mpi_->control(ctx_, MPP_SET_OUTPUT_TIMEOUT, &timeout);
+
+        MppPacket hdr = nullptr;
+        if (mpi_->control(ctx_, MPP_ENC_GET_HDR_SYNC, &hdr) == MPP_OK && hdr) {
+            auto* data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(mpp_packet_get_pos(hdr));
+            size_t len = mpp_packet_get_length(hdr);
+            header_.assign(data, data + len);
+            mpp_packet_deinit(&hdr);
+        }
+
+        if (mpp_buffer_group_get_internal(&frm_grp_, MPP_BUFFER_TYPE_DRM) != MPP_OK) {
+            if (mpp_buffer_group_get_internal(&frm_grp_, MPP_BUFFER_TYPE_NORMAL) != MPP_OK) {
+                std::cerr << "[publish] mpp_buffer_group_get_internal failed\n";
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        initialized_ = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void Shutdown() {
+        if (frm_grp_) {
+            mpp_buffer_group_put(frm_grp_);
+            frm_grp_ = nullptr;
+        }
+        if (cfg_) {
+            mpp_enc_cfg_deinit(cfg_);
+            cfg_ = nullptr;
+        }
+        if (ctx_) {
+            if (mpi_) mpi_->reset(ctx_);
+            mpp_destroy(ctx_);
+            ctx_ = nullptr;
+            mpi_ = nullptr;
+        }
+        initialized_ = false;
+    }
+
+    bool Encode(const FramePtr& frame, const std::function<void(const EncodedPacket&)>& on_packet) {
+        if (!initialized_) return false;
+        if (!frame) return false;
+
+        MppBuffer buf = nullptr;
+        bool imported = false;
+        size_t frame_size = CalcFrameSize();
+
+        if (frame->dma_fd >= 0 && frame->data_size > 0) {
+            MppBufferInfo info{};
+            info.type = MPP_BUFFER_TYPE_EXT_DMA;
+            info.size = frame->data_size;
+            info.fd = frame->dma_fd;
+            if (mpp_buffer_import(&buf, &info) == MPP_OK) {
+                imported = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!buf) {
+            if (!frame->data) return false;
+            if (mpp_buffer_get(frm_grp_, &buf, frame_size) != MPP_OK) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!CopyToBuffer(frame, buf)) {
+                mpp_buffer_put(buf);
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        MppFrame mpp_frame = nullptr;
+        mpp_frame_init(&mpp_frame);
+        mpp_frame_set_width(mpp_frame, width_);
+        mpp_frame_set_height(mpp_frame, height_);
+        mpp_frame_set_hor_stride(mpp_frame, hor_stride_);
+        mpp_frame_set_ver_stride(mpp_frame, ver_stride_);
+        mpp_frame_set_fmt(mpp_frame, mpp_fmt_);
+        mpp_frame_set_pts(mpp_frame, static_cast<int64_t>(frame->pts));
+        mpp_frame_set_buffer(mpp_frame, buf);
+
+        if (mpi_->encode_put_frame(ctx_, mpp_frame) != MPP_OK) {
+            mpp_frame_deinit(&mpp_frame);
+            mpp_buffer_put(buf);
+            return false;
+        }
+        mpp_frame_deinit(&mpp_frame);
+
+        while (true) {
+            MppPacket packet = nullptr;
+            MPP_RET ret = mpi_->encode_get_packet(ctx_, &packet);
+            if (ret == MPP_ERR_TIMEOUT) {
+                std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(2));
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (ret != MPP_OK || !packet) break;
+
+            EncodedPacket out;
+            auto* pos = static_cast<uint8_t*>(mpp_packet_get_pos(packet));
+            size_t len = mpp_packet_get_length(packet);
+            out.data.assign(pos, pos + len);
+            out.key = (mpp_packet_get_flag(packet) & 0x10) != 0;  // INTRA flag
+            out.pts_ms = mpp_packet_get_pts(packet);
+            if (on_packet) on_packet(out);
+            mpp_packet_deinit(&packet);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        mpp_buffer_put(buf);
+        (void)imported;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    const std::vector<uint8_t>& Header() const { return header_; }
+
+private:
+    size_t CalcFrameSize() const {
+        if (mpp_fmt_ == MPP_FMT_YUV420SP || mpp_fmt_ == MPP_FMT_YUV420P) {
+            return static_cast<size_t>(hor_stride_) * ver_stride_ * 3 / 2;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    bool CopyToBuffer(const FramePtr& frame, MppBuffer buf) const {
+        auto* dst = static_cast<uint8_t*>(mpp_buffer_get_ptr(buf));
+        size_t dst_size = mpp_buffer_get_size(buf);
+        size_t need = CalcFrameSize();
+        if (!dst || dst_size < need) return false;
+        std::memset(dst, 0, dst_size);
+
+        if (frame->plane_count < 2) return false;
+        const FramePlane& y = frame->planes[0];
+        const FramePlane& uv = frame->planes[1];
+        if (!y.data || !uv.data) return false;
+
+        for (int row = 0; row < height_; ++row) {
+            std::memcpy(dst + row * hor_stride_, y.data + row * y.stride,
+                        std::min(hor_stride_, y.stride));
+        }
+
+        uint8_t* dst_uv = dst + hor_stride_ * ver_stride_;
+        int uv_rows = ver_stride_ / 2;
+        if (mpp_fmt_ == MPP_FMT_YUV420SP) {
+            for (int row = 0; row < uv_rows; ++row) {
+                std::memcpy(dst_uv + row * hor_stride_, uv.data + row * uv.stride,
+                            std::min(hor_stride_, uv.stride));
+            }
+        } else if (frame->plane_count >= 3) {
+            const FramePlane& v = frame->planes[2];
+            uint8_t* dst_u = dst_uv;
+            uint8_t* dst_v = dst_uv + (hor_stride_ / 2) * uv_rows;
+            for (int row = 0; row < uv_rows; ++row) {
+                std::memcpy(dst_u + row * (hor_stride_ / 2), uv.data + row * uv.stride,
+                            std::min(hor_stride_ / 2, uv.stride));
+                std::memcpy(dst_v + row * (hor_stride_ / 2), v.data + row * v.stride,
+                            std::min(hor_stride_ / 2, v.stride));
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    MppCtx ctx_ = nullptr;
+    MppApi* mpi_ = nullptr;
+    MppEncCfg cfg_ = nullptr;
+    MppBufferGroup frm_grp_ = nullptr;
+    MppCodingType coding_ = MPP_VIDEO_CodingAVC;
+    MppFrameFormat mpp_fmt_ = MPP_FMT_YUV420SP;
+    int width_ = 0;
+    int height_ = 0;
+    int hor_stride_ = 0;
+    int ver_stride_ = 0;
+    int fps_ = 25;
+    int gop_ = 50;
+    int bitrate_bps_ = 4000000;
+    std::vector<uint8_t> header_;
+    bool initialized_ = false;
+};
+#endif
+
 class PublishNode : public INode {
 public:
     std::string Id() const override { return id_; }
@@ -19,15 +480,32 @@ public:
         fps_ = config.ValueOr<int>("fps", 25);
         gop_ = config.ValueOr<int>("gop", 50);
         bitrate_kbps_ = config.ValueOr<int>("bitrate_kbps", 4000);
-        // Outputs array optional; log first entry if present.
+        use_mpp_ = config.ValueOr<bool>("use_mpp", true);
+        use_ffmpeg_mux_ = config.ValueOr<bool>("use_ffmpeg_mux", true);
+
         const SimpleJson* outputs = config.Find("outputs");
-        if (outputs && outputs->IsArray() && !outputs->AsArray().empty()) {
-            const auto& first = outputs->AsArray().front();
-            if (first.IsObject()) {
-                port_ = first.ValueOr<int>("port", 8554);
-                path_ = first.ValueOr<std::string>("path", "/live/cam1");
+        if (outputs && outputs->IsArray()) {
+            for (const auto& o : outputs->AsArray()) {
+                if (!o.IsObject()) continue;
+                OutputConfig cfg;
+                cfg.proto = o.ValueOr<std::string>("proto", cfg.proto);
+                cfg.port = o.ValueOr<int>("port", cfg.port);
+                cfg.path = o.ValueOr<std::string>("path", cfg.path);
+                cfg.segment_sec = o.ValueOr<int>("segment_sec", cfg.segment_sec);
+                outputs_.push_back(std::move(cfg));
             }
         }
+        if (outputs_.empty()) {
+            outputs_.push_back(OutputConfig{});
+        }
+
+#if !defined(RK3588_ENABLE_MPP)
+        use_mpp_ = false;
+#endif
+#if !defined(RK3588_ENABLE_FFMPEG)
+        use_ffmpeg_mux_ = false;
+#endif
+
         if (!input_queue_) {
             std::cerr << "[publish] no input queue for node " << id_ << "\n";
             return false;
@@ -38,10 +516,20 @@ public:
     bool Start() override {
         if (!input_queue_) return false;
         running_.store(true);
-        worker_ = std::thread(&PublishNode::Loop, this);
+
+#if defined(RK3588_ENABLE_MPP)
+        if (use_mpp_) {
+            worker_ = std::thread(&PublishNode::LoopMpp, this);
+        } else {
+            worker_ = std::thread(&PublishNode::LoopStub, this);
+        }
+#else
+        worker_ = std::thread(&PublishNode::LoopStub, this);
+#endif
+
         std::cout << "[publish] start codec=" << codec_ << " fps=" << fps_ << " gop=" << gop_
-                  << " bitrate=" << bitrate_kbps_ << "kbps target rtsp://0.0.0.0:" << port_
-                  << path_ << "\n";
+                  << " bitrate=" << bitrate_kbps_ << "kbps"
+                  << (use_mpp_ ? " (mpp venc)" : " (stub)") << "\n";
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -52,29 +540,81 @@ public:
     }
 
 private:
-    void Loop() {
+    void LoopStub() {
         using namespace std::chrono;
         FramePtr frame;
         while (running_.load()) {
-            if (!input_queue_->Pop(frame, milliseconds(200))) {
-                continue;
-            }
+            if (!input_queue_->Pop(frame, milliseconds(200))) continue;
             ++encoded_frames_;
             if (encoded_frames_ % 100 == 0 && frame) {
-                std::cout << "[publish] encoded frame " << frame->frame_id
+                std::cout << "[publish] stub frame " << frame->frame_id
                           << " queue=" << input_queue_->Size()
                           << " drops=" << input_queue_->DroppedCount() << "\n";
             }
         }
     }
 
+#if defined(RK3588_ENABLE_MPP)
+    void LoopMpp() {
+        using namespace std::chrono;
+        FramePtr frame;
+        MppVencEncoder encoder;
+        bool encoder_ready = false;
+
+#if defined(RK3588_ENABLE_FFMPEG)
+        AvMuxerManager mux_mgr;
+#endif
+
+        while (running_.load()) {
+            if (!input_queue_->Pop(frame, milliseconds(200))) continue;
+            if (!frame) continue;
+
+            if (!encoder_ready) {
+                if (!encoder.InitFromFrame(*frame, codec_, fps_, gop_, bitrate_kbps_)) {
+                    std::cerr << "[publish] encoder init failed, fallback to stub" << "\n";
+                    LoopStub();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+#if defined(RK3588_ENABLE_FFMPEG)
+                if (use_ffmpeg_mux_) {
+                    AVCodecID cid = (codec_ == "h265" || codec_ == "hevc") ? AV_CODEC_ID_HEVC
+                                                                             : AV_CODEC_ID_H264;
+                    mux_mgr.Init(outputs_, cid, frame->width, frame->height, fps_, encoder.Header());
+                }
+#endif
+                encoder_ready = true;
+            }
+
+            encoder.Encode(frame, [&](const EncodedPacket& pkt) {
+                ++encoded_frames_;
+                if (encoded_frames_ % 100 == 0) {
+                    std::cout << "[publish] encoded frame " << encoded_frames_
+                              << " queue=" << input_queue_->Size()
+                              << " drops=" << input_queue_->DroppedCount() << "\n";
+                }
+#if defined(RK3588_ENABLE_FFMPEG)
+                if (use_ffmpeg_mux_) mux_mgr.Write(pkt);
+#else
+                (void)pkt;
+#endif
+            });
+        }
+
+#if defined(RK3588_ENABLE_FFMPEG)
+        mux_mgr.Close();
+#endif
+    }
+#endif
+
     std::string id_;
     std::string codec_ = "h264";
     int fps_ = 25;
     int gop_ = 50;
     int bitrate_kbps_ = 4000;
-    int port_ = 8554;
-    std::string path_ = "/live/cam1";
+    bool use_mpp_ = false;
+    bool use_ffmpeg_mux_ = false;
+    std::vector<OutputConfig> outputs_;
     std::atomic<bool> running_{false};
     std::shared_ptr<SpscQueue<FramePtr>> input_queue_;
     std::thread worker_;